"Experiments to determine concentrated forces on guardrails due to leaning and pushing have shown that force of 30% to 75% of participant weight can occur. This indicates that crowd pressures probably came from both directions as rear ranks pressed forward and front ranks pushed off the wall. In the Cincinnati rock concert incident, a line of bodies was found approximately 9m (30ft) from a wall near the entrance. "Horizontal forces sufficient to cause compressive asphyxia would be more dynamic as people push off against each other to obtain breathing space. At this height, people on the bottom would experience chest pressures of 3600-4000N (800-900lbs), assuming half the weight of those above was concentrated in the upper body area. In the Ibrox Park soccer stadium incident, police reported that the pile of bodies was 3m (10ft) high. "Compressive asphyxia has occurred from people being stacked up vertically, one on top of the other, or horizontal pushing and leaning forces. Forces are due to pushing, and the domino effect of people leaning against each other. Evidence of bent steel railings after several fatal crowd incidents show that forces of more than 4500N (1,000lbs) occurred.
Virtually all crowd deaths are due to compressive asphyxia and not the "trampling" reported by the news media. "Crowd forces can reach levels that almost impossible to resist or control. Legal - letters of reference - click to download a zipped file Version of “Introduction to Crowd Science ” Ali Asgary has created a world map of the disaster sites - click here for a link to his work.Ĭlick here for information on our eLearning It is both misleading and misinforming the public on causality of major incidents, propagating the myth of of panic, diverting attention away from systematic failure of organisations to provide a safe environment for places of public assembly.ĭr.
The reports below highlight how often these media words are used in reports. We often see sensational headlines, like “Panic”, “Stampede” but when you analyse the facts the crowd is rarely the cause of major incidents. One of the common factors is the inappropriate utilisation of space. It serves us well to show that the failures in both design and management are NOT unique, that crowd "mis" behaviour is not always the primary cause of accidents and incidents.
The information on the website is for the specific purpose of collating reports of incidents to illustrate the common features associated with crowd safety. "We learn from history that we do not learn from history." George Hegel, philosopher.
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